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Increased heart rate as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease

B.N. Singh*,a,b

a Department of Cardiology, VA Medical Center, West Los Angeles, USA
b Department of Medicine, UCLA Medical Center, and UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, U.S.A.

* Bramah N. singh, Department of Cardiology, VA Medical Center of West Los Angeles, 1301 Wilshire Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90073, U.S.A.

Abstract

Heart rate is a major determinant of oxygen consumption in patients with ischaemic heart disease. Its pharmacological modulation is increasingly the focus of therapeutic approaches to alleviate symptoms and prolong survival. It is the simplest cardiovascular variable to measure accurately and reproducibly. Many long-term follow-up studies suggest that elevated heart rate increases all-cause mortality, cardiovascular disease and sudden death in patients with known or suspected coronary heart disease, survivors of myocardial infarction and patients with hypertension. These links hold for men and women, and are unrelated to ethnic origin. The effect on sudden death or total mortality increases as a function of heart rate such that an increase in heart rate by more than 40 beats/min doubles total mortality. Conversely, low heart rate reduces risk for coronary artery disease and sudden death. Primary and secondary prevention studies in myocardial infarction indicated that elevated heart rate in susceptible patients predicts risk for developing myocardial infarction and death. Prophylactic beta-blockers attenuate risks for reinfarction, sudden death and total mortality; these effects correlate with reduced heart rate, thus providing a compelling basis for developing agents that reduce heart rate exclusively as antianginal agents for the therapy of myocardial ischaemia with broader therapeutic implications.

Key Words: Agents that exclusively reduce heart rate • Beta-blockade • Cardiovascular mortality • Hypertension • Increased heart rate • Myocardial infarction • Sudden death

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High heart rate: a cardiovascular risk factor?
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