Skip Navigation

This Article
Right arrow Abstract Freely available
Right arrow FREE Full Text (PDF) Freely available
Right arrow E-letters: Submit a response
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me when E-letters are posted
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Services
Right arrow Email this article to a friend
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Add to My Personal Archive
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrow Request Permissions
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Corti, R.
Right arrow Articles by Badimon, J.J.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow Articles by Corti, R.
Right arrow Articles by Badimon, J.J.
Social Bookmarking
 Add to CiteULike   Add to Connotea   Add to Del.icio.us  
What's this?


Strategy for ensuring a better future for the vessel wall

R. Corti, V. Fuster1 and J.J. Badimon

Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute, The Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, U.S.A.

1 Correspondence: Valentin Fuster, MD, PhD, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, Box 1030, New York, NY 10029, U.S.A.

Abstract

Prevention of cardiovascular events should involve an adequate control of the risk factors (diabetes, blood pressure, hyperlipidemia, etc). Once the thrombotic complications occur, the invasive approaches combined with potent antithrombotic agents appears to have some advantage over fibrinolytic therapy. A need for better and more efficacious antithrombotics is indicated by the high incidence of thrombotic complications. Among the new antothrombotic agents, the inhibition of the TF pathway (inhibitors of factors VIIa, Xa or oral thrombin inhibitors) seems to be more promising. Their efficacy should be demonstrated in large and controlled clinical trials.

Key Words: Cardiovascular diseases • atherosclerosis • lipids • thrombosis • thrombolysis

References

  1. Fuster V, Fayad ZA, Badimon JJ. Acute coronary syndromes: biology. Lancet. 1999;353(suppl 2):SII5–SII9
  2. Libby P. Current concepts of the pathogenesis of the acute coronary syndromes. Circulation. 2001;104:365–372[Free Full Text]
  3. Wellens HJ. Cardiology: where to go from here? Lancet. 1999;354:SIV8 (suppl)
  4. American Heart Association. 2001 Heart and Stroke Statistical Update. http://www.amricanheart.org/statistics/coronary.html
  5. Ross R. Atherosclerosis: an inflammatory disease. N Engl J Med. 1999;340:115–126[Free Full Text]
  6. Kinlay S, Libby P, Ganz P. Endothelial function and coronary artery disease. Curr Opin Lipidol. 2001;12:383–389[CrossRef][ISI][Medline]
  7. Badimon JJ, Lettino M, Toschi V, et al. Local inhibition of tissue factor reduces the thrombogenicity of disrupted human atherosclerotic plaques: effects of tissue factor pathway inhibitor on plaque thrombogenicity under flow conditions. Circulation. 1999;99:1780–1787[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  8. Fuster V. Epidemic of cardiovascular disease and stroke: the three main challenges. Dallas, TexasCirculation. 1999. p. 1132–1137
  9. Jousilahti P, Vartiainen E, Pekkanen J, Tuomilehto J, Sundvall J, Puska J. Serum cholesterol distribution and coronary heart disease risk: observations and predictions among middle-aged population in eastern Finland. Circulation. 1998;97:1087–1094[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  10. AnonymousLifestyle and risk factor management and use of drug therapies in coronary patients from 15 countries; principal results from EUROASPIRE II Euro Heart Survey Programme. Eur Heart J. 2001;22:554–572[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  11. Willich SN, Muller-Nordhorn J, Kulig M, et al. Cardiac risk factors, medication, and recurrent clinical events after acute coronary disease; a prospective cohort study. Eur Heart J. 2001;22:307–313[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  12. Rauch U, Crandall J, Osende JI, et al. Increased thrombus formation relates to ambient blood glucose and leukocyte count in diabetes mellitus type 2. Am J Cardiol. 2000;86:1246–1249
  13. Osende JI, Badimon JJ, Fuster V, et al. Blood thrombogenicity in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients is associated with glycemic control. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2001;38:1307–1312[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  14. Corti R, Badimon JJ. Value and/or desirability of hemorheologichemostatic parameter changes as end points in blood lipid regulating trials. Curr Opin Lipidol. 2001;12:629–637[CrossRef][ISI][Medline]
  15. Corti R, Fayad ZA, Fuster V, et al. Effects of lipid-lowering by simvastatin on human atherosclerotic lesions: a longitudinal study by high-resolution, noninvasive magnetic resonance imaging. Circulation. 2001;104:249–252[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  16. Crisby M, Nordin-Fredriksson G, Shah PK, Yano J, Zhu J, Nilsson J. Pravastatin treatment increases collagen content and decreases lipid content, inflammation, metalloproteinases, and cell death in human carotid plaques: implications for plaque stabilization. Circulation. 2001;103:926–933[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  17. Zhao XQ, Yuan C, Hatsukami TS, et al. Effects of prolonged intensive lipid-lowering therapy on the characteristics of carotid atherosclerotic plaques in vivo by MRI: a case-control study. Atherioscler Thromb Vase Biol. 2001;21:1623–1629
  18. Schwartz GG, Olsson AG, Ezekowitz MD, et al. Effects of atorvastatin on early recurrent ischemic events in acute coronary syndromes: the MIRACL study: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2001;285:1711–1718[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  19. Spieker LE, Sudano I, Lerch PG, et al. High-density lipoprotein restores endothelial function in hypercholesterolemic men. [abstract]Circulation. 2000;102:II315–II316
  20. AnonymousSecondary prevention by raising HDL cholesterol and reducing triglycerides in patients with coronary artery disease: the Bezafibrate Infarction Prevention (BIP) study. Circulation. 2000;102:21–27[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  21. Robins SJ, Collins D, Wittes JT, et al. Relation of gemfibrozil treatment and lipid levels with major coronary events: VA-HIT: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2001;285:1585–1591[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  22. Badimon JJ, Fuster V, Badimon L. Role of high density lipoproteins in the regression of atherosclerosis. Circulation. 1992;86:III86–III94
  23. Badimon JJ, Badimon L, Fuster V. Regression of atherosclerotic lesions by high density lipoprotein plasma fraction in the cholesterol-fed rabbit. J Clin Invest. 1990;85:1234–1241
  24. Rong JX, Li J, Reis ED, et al. Elevating high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice remodels advanced atherosclerotic lesions by decreasing macrophage and increasing smooth muscle cell content. Circulation. 2001;104:2447–2452[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  25. Ross AM, Coyne KS, Moreyra E, et al. Extended mortality benefit of early postinfarction reperfusion. GUSTO-I Angiographic Investigators. Global Utilization of Streptokinase and Tissue Plasminogen Activator for Occluded Coronary Arteries Trial. Circulation. 1998;97:1549–1556[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  26. AnonymousEffectiveness of intravenous thrombolytic treatment in acute myocardial infarction. Gruppo Italiano per to Studio della Streptochinasi nell'Infarto Miocardico (GISSI). Lancet. 1986;1:397–402[CrossRef][Medline]
  27. AnonymousAn international randomized trial comparing four thrombolytic strategies for acute myocardial infarction. The GUSTO investigators. N Engl J Med. 1993;329:673–682[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  28. Faxon D, Lenfant C. Timing is everything: motivating patients to call 9-1-1 at onset of acute myocardial infarction. Circulation. 2001;104:1210–1211[Free Full Text]
  29. Llevadot J, Giugliano RP, Antman EM. Bolus fibrinolytic therapy in acute myocardial infarction. JAMA. 2001;286:442–449[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  30. Cohen M, Adams PC, Parry G, et al. Combination antithrombotic therapy in unstable rest angina and non-Q-wave infarction in nonprior aspirin users. Primary end points analysis from the ATACS trial. Antithrombotic Therapy in Acute Coronary Syndromes Research Group. Circulation. 1994;89:81–88[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  31. Oler A, Whooley MA, Oler J, Grady D. Adding heparin to aspirin reduces the incidence of myocardial infarction and death in patients with unstable angina. A meta-analysis. JAMA. 1996;276:811–815[Abstract]
  32. Xiao Z, Theroux P. Platelet activation with unfractionated heparin at therapeutic concentrations and comparisons with a low-molecular-weight heparin and with a direct thrombin inhibitor. Circulation. 1998;97:251–256[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  33. Antman EM, Cohen M, Radley D, et al. Assessment of the treatment effect of enoxaparin for unstable angina/non-Q-wave myocardial infarction. TIMI 1113-ESSENCE meta-analysis. Circulation. 1999;100:1602–1608[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  34. AnonymousEfficacy and safety of tenecteplase in combination with enoxaparin, abciximab, or unfractionated heparin: the ASSENT-3 randomised trial in acute myocardial infarction. Lancet. 2001;358:605–613[CrossRef][ISI][Medline]
  35. Cohen M, Xiong J, Parry G, et al. Prospective comparison of unstable angina versus non-Q wave myocardial infarction during antithrombotic therapy. Antithrombotic Therapy in Acute Coronary Syndromes Research Group. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1993;22:1338–1343[Abstract]
  36. Verheugt FWA, Marc A, Brouwer MA, Van Es RE, Ezekowitz MD, Fiore L, Fuster V. Risks versus benefit of oral anticoagulation on top of aspirin following unstable angina or myocardial infarction: a meta-analysis. Circulation. 2001;104:II88
  37. Hurlen M, Smith P, Arnesen H. Effects of warfarin, aspirin and the two combined, on mortality and thromboembolic morbidity after myocardial infarction. The WARIS-II (Warfarin-Aspirin Reinfarction Study) design. Scand Cardiovasc J. 2000;34:168–171[CrossRef][ISI][Medline]
  38. Suryapranata H, Ottervanger JP, Nibbering E, et al. Long term outcome and cost-effectiveness of stenting versus balloon angioplasty for acute myocardial infarction. Heart. 2001;85:667–671[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  39. AnonymousA clinical trial comparing primary coronary angioplasty with tissue plasminogen activator for acute myocardial infarction. The Global Use of Strategies to Open Occluded Coronary Arteries in Acute Coronary Syndromes (GUSTO IIb) Angioplasty Substudy Investigators. N Engl J Med. 1997;336:1621–1628[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  40. Zijlstra F, Hoorntje JC, de Boer MJ, et al. Long-term benefit of primary angioplasty as compared with thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 1999;341:1413–1419[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  41. Cannon CP, Weintraub WS, Demopoulos LA, et al. Comparison of early invasive and conservative strategies in patients with unstable coronary syndromes treated with the glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor tirofiban. N Engl J Med. 2001;344:1879–1887[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  42. Herrmann HC. Triple therapy for acute myocardial infarction: combining fibrinolysis, platelet IIb/IIIa inhibition, and percutaneous coronary intervention. Am J Cardiol. 2000;85:10C–16C[ISI][Medline]
  43. Sarich TC, Osende JI, Eriksson UG, et al. Antithrombotic effects of ximelagatran (pINN, FORMERLY H 376/95), an oral direct thrombin inhibitor, in a human, ex vivo model of arterial thrombosis. [abstract]Thromb Haemost. 2001;86:OC2391
  44. Goldford M, Triscott M. Anti-human TF antibodies with inhibitory activity from peptide immunogens. [abstract]Thromb Haemost. 2001;86:CD3630
  45. Roque M, Reis ED, Fuster V, et al. Inhibition of tissue factor reduces thrombus formation and intimal hyperplasia after porcine coronary angioplasty. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2000;36:2303–2310[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  46. Singh R, Pan S, Mueske CS, et al. Role for tissue factor pathway in murine model of vascular remodeling. Circ Res. 2001;89:71–76[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  47. Nishida T, Ueno H, Atsuchi N, et al. Adenovirus-mediated local expression of human tissue factor pathway inhibitor eliminates shear stress-induced recurrent thrombosis in the injured carotid artery of the rabbit. Circ Res. 1999;84:1446–1452[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  48. Hedner U, Erhardtsen E. Future possibilities in the regulation of the extrinsic pathway: rFVIIa and TFPL. Ann Med. 2000;32(suppl 1):68–72
  49. Sorensen BB, Persson E, Freskgard PO, et al. Incorporation of an active site inhibitor in factor VIIa alters the affinity for tissue factor. J Biol Chem. 1997;272:11863–11868[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  50. Takehana S, Kayahara T, Tashiro K, et al. Antithrombotic effects of AXC4845, a newly synthetized and selective factor VIIa inhibitor, in the rat thrombosis models. [abstract]Thromb Haemost. 2001;86:P1393
  51. Shimbo D, Osende JI, Chen J, et al. Antithrombotic effects of DX9065a, a direct factor Xa inhibitor. A comparative study in humans vs low molecular weight heparin. [abstract]Thromb Haemost. 2001;86:P1392
  52. Turpie AG, Gallus AS, Hoek JA. A synthetic pentasaccharide for the prevention of deep-vein thrombosis after total hip replacement. N Engl J Med. 2001;344:619–625[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  53. Eriksson BI, Bauer KA, Lassen MR, Turpie AG. Fondaparinux compared with enoxaparin for the prevention of venous thromboembolism after hip-fracture surgery. N Engl J Med. 2001;345:1298–1304[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  54. Bauer KA, Eriksson BI, Lassen MR, Turpie AG. Fondaparinux compared with enoxaparin for the prevention of venous thromboembolism after elective major knee surgery. N Engl J Med. 2001;345:1305–1310[Abstract/Free Full Text]

Add to CiteULike CiteULike   Add to Connotea Connotea   Add to Del.icio.us Del.icio.us    What's this?



This Article
Right arrow Abstract Freely available
Right arrow FREE Full Text (PDF) Freely available
Right arrow E-letters: Submit a response
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me when E-letters are posted
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Services
Right arrow Email this article to a friend
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Add to My Personal Archive
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrow Request Permissions
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Corti, R.
Right arrow Articles by Badimon, J.J.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow Articles by Corti, R.
Right arrow Articles by Badimon, J.J.
Social Bookmarking
 Add to CiteULike   Add to Connotea   Add to Del.icio.us  
What's this?